Discuss the relevant features of a photomultiplier including the following: construction - principle of operation - explain what is meant by responsivity. plot an example responsivity of a photomultiplier as a function of wavelength - applications of photomultipliers b) (10 marks) discuss the relevant features of a photodiode including the following: construction principle of operation. include a suitable circuit diagram these photodiodes require to operate. schematic responsivity as a function of wavelength - applications

stands for electromotive force and it is measured in volts. despite its name, it is not actually the force in the sense of being a "pushing" or "pulling" (not measured in newtons).an equation that relates emf,  ℰ,  to a battery's terminal voltage, v, current, i, and internal resistance, r, is    ℰ = v + irin this case, the emf can be interpreted as a voltage—a difference in electric potential.i would not say that it would be considered an energy. if emf can be defined as the energy/work per a unit charge from a battery or other electric source, then it is not strictly energy.

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Planck decided to assume that atoms could only vibrate at certain frequencies that were whole numbers eg 2f, 3f and so on. others used to think that atoms vibrate continuously