Kate gathered three boxes of the same size made of different materials: glass, clear plastic, and aluminum painted black. she placed them on a window sill in the sun for an hour and then measured the warmth of the air in each box. in this experiment, the warmth of the air is a(n) independent variable dependent variable constant control

Dependent variable.

Explanation:

Based on the description, the experiment is designed to confirm or reject a hypothesis about a heat absorption patterns by  hollow objects with different transparency. Temperature appears to be the main target variable of interest - this is the dependent variable. Material that each box is made of (specifically, its transparency) is in this case the independent variable, which is determined by the experimenter.

scattering of light by tiny particles in air to produce the colors we see on sky, is dependent on the following factors:

(i) wavelength of light

(ii) size of the scattering particle  

(iii) distance traveled by light through the atmosphere.

according to rayleigh's law of scattering, the amount of scattering is inversely proportional to the fourth power of its wavelength. shorter the wavelength, greater is its scattering. hence violet/blue light is scattered more than red.

sun's light is a composite light ( visible light) with wavelengths in the range 400 nm (violet) to 700 nm (red). as sunlight passes through our atmosphere, the molecules of air scatter light according to their wavelengths. during sunrise and sunset, the sun's position is below the horizon. hence light from the sun travels a greater distance in the atmosphere when compared to its position a noon.

as sunlight enters the earth's atmosphere, blue light is scattered away and at the end of its journey in the sky, only red and orange wavelengths remain in the beam.

hence at sunrise and sunset, the sky appears reddish orange.