A 46-year-old mother of three comes to the emergency department complaining of possible urinary tract infection. Her diagnoses are recurrent cystitis and cystocele. The doctor prescribes antibiotics and tells her to watch for signs of pyelonephritis. He has also ordered the patient an outpatient cystoscopy and a voiding cystogram.

Briefly describe how treatment options are different for this patient’s two diagnoses of cystitis and cystocele? Which diagnosis requires immediate attention and why?

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Ahealthy 26-year-old woman sustained a significant crush injury to her right upper extremity while on the job at a local construction site. she was brought to the emergency department and subsequently underwent pinning and reconstructive surgery and received perioperative broad-spectrum antibiotics. her blood pressure remained normal throughout her hospital course. on the second hospital day, a medical consultant noted a marked increase in her creatinine, from 0.8 to 1.9 mg/dl. her urine output dropped to 20 ml/h. serum creatine kinase was ordered and reported as 3400 units/l. questions what are the primary causes of this patient’s acute kidney injury? how should her kidney injury be categorized (as prerenal, intrarenal, or postrenal)? how should she be treated?