Peptide hormones readily cross through cell membranes. 57) osmolality refers to the total amount of solutes dissolved in a kg of solvent. 58) the loop of henle is highly permeable to water. 59) larger molecules like vitamin c or glucose cannot escape from plasma during filtration. 60) podocytes enclose the glomerular capillaries. 61) each kidney contains around 1,000,000 hepatic lobules. 62) the kidneys receive around 2% of resting cardiac output. 63) sodium ions may be reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubules in order to increase blood volume and conserve water. 64) the total surface area of the gas exchange membrane in the lungs is around 65) distal convoluted tubules have smooth muscle tissue in their walls. 66) normal relaxed pulmonary expiration does not require any muscles to contract. 67) if you hold your breath while on scuba you risk destroying the vacuum inside your pleural space. 68) the lungs can regulate blood ph much more rapidly than the kidneys. 69) salt exerts twice the osmotic effect as glucose in any given solution. 70) no protein has ever been known to survive the trip through the stomach intact. 71) the collecting duct may reabsorb urea. 72) the bronchioles typically contain blood with an osmotic concentration around 1200 mosmm 73) surfactants aid in the emulsification of lipids and water 74) enzymes are very specific as to which substrates they can bind with. 75) lipases digest carbohydrates and proteins. 76) both filtration and excretion may occur on the distal convoluted tubules. 77) once filtrate exits the descending loop of henle, reabsorption is no longer possible. 78) most hormones don't have a half-life 79) monoamine hormones are formed from cholesterol 80) steroid hormones are formed from the amino acid tyrosine 700 square feet.