People at the state fair were surveyed about which type of lemonade they preferred. The results are shown below. Pink lemonade: 156 males, 72 females
Yellow lemonade: 104 males, 48 females
The events "prefers pink lemonade” and "female” are independent because

Agroup of student volunteers participates in a study designed to assess several behavioral interventions for improving output in a repetitive task. prior to the beginning of the study, all volunteers unknowingly observed, and their output is measured. at the beginning of the study, prior to any intervention, the volunteers perform the same task under the observation of a study administrator, and their overall output increases. which of the following terms describes this phenomenon? a. simpson's paradox b. hawthorne effect are d. novelty effect d. pygmalion effect e. observer-expectancy effect