Let A be a matrix with independent rows. A. Show that AAT is invertible. B. Show that if b is any vector in Col(A), then the equation Ax = b has a solution in Row(A) given by xR = AT (AAT )−1 b. (The matrix AT (AAT )−1 is called the pseudoinverse of A, and is usually denoted by A+ . It is a right inverse of A, and coincides with the two-sided inverse A−1 if A is square.) c. The mapping of Col(A) to Row(A) given by xR = AT (AAT )−1 b is an isomorphism

Attached below

Step-by-step explanation:

Given that A is a matrix with independent rows

A) Prove is invertible

rank of A = number of rows of Matrix A

This shows that | A | ≠ 0  ( i.e. A has a full rank )

also   ≠ 0

and = | A |   ≠ 0

Hence we can conclude that is invertible

B) Prove that b is any vector in Col( A )

Attached below is the detailed solution

C) Mapping of Col ( A ) to Row ( A )

b is a non-zero vector hence AXr = 0 ( i.e. there is no solution )

also the kernel of the mapping will be Null

show that mapping preserves the operation

attached below is the detailed solution

in mathematics, a function is a relationship between two variables such that the value of one of the variables, called the dependent variable, is determined by the value of the other variable, called the independent variable. there is a specific term we use to describe the set of independent variables of a function.