Which of the following is a parent function
a)f(x)=4x^2
b)f(x)=4^x
c)f(x)= -2^x+1
d)f(x)=e^3x -2

there's one left out, reason why, is because is has no shifts or stretches or any other transformations, because is a parent function, and should be obvious by its absence.

What’s the question here? what have you been learning about?

None liner bro because