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1. a study uses statistical methods to conclude that there is an association between the weights of cars and the amounts of fuel consumption. the study then concludes that adding weight to a car is what makes it consume more fuel. what is wrong with reporting the results of the survey this way?

a)the conclusion is based on a correlation that implies causality.

b)the conclusion is based on a small sample.

c)the conclusion is based on a voluntary response sample.

d)the conclusion is based on a bad sample.

2. a recent government agency found that 89% of people that owned a car were above the poverty line, while only 8% of people that did not own a car were above the poverty line. they concluded that owning a car kept people out of poverty and started a program to give cars to people below the poverty line. identify the problem with the study.

a)some of the sample data are missing.

b)the result is based on a precise number.

c)a nonresponse occurred.

d)the correlation between the variables implies causality.

3. a government agency produced a study in which they randomly chose 100 students just beginning college to determine what percentage of students who begin college graduate with a degree. after four years they identified that 23 had dropped out of college, 45 had graduated, and 20 were still pursuing their degree. what is wrong with this poll?

a)some of the sample data are missing.

b)a nonresponse occurred.

c)this is a self-interest study.

d)the relationship between two variables implies one causes the other.

4. a shampoo company recently paid a consulting firm to produce a study to determine if using their product resulted in cleaner hair than other brands. what is wrong with this study?

a)the relationship between two variables implies one causes the other.

b)the study included loaded questions.

c)this is a self-interest study.

d)the conclusion is based on a voluntary response sample.

5. a survey was recently quoted to support the news that the number of trees in the united states is increasing. upon further research it was found that the survey was fully funded by a logging company. identify the problem with this survey.

a)the relationship between two variables implies one causes the other.

b)the study included loaded questions.

c)a nonresponse occurred.

d)this is a self-interest study.

6. a radio station sent a letter in the mail to 1000 randomly chosen residents within its broadcast area. the letter contained one dollar and a survey. the survey asked recipients to track their radio habits over a week. the survey was to be filled out and sent back in to the radio station. identify a problem with the study.

a)the data are based on reported results.

b)the correlation between the variables implies causality.

c)some of the sample data are missing.

d)a nonresponse occurred.

7. the fire department in california decided to take a poll to see if residents would pay a monthly fee for their services. they polled 22 people in the state and concluded that residents were not willing to pay a monthly fee. what is wrong with this poll?

a)the conclusion is based on a bad sample.

b)the conclusion is based on reported results.

c)the conclusion is based on a voluntary response sample.

d)the conclusion is based on a small sample.

8. a campaign manager created a survey to see if the candidate could be elected into office. the survey randomly chose 1832 voters and asked them whom they would vote for. of those surveyed, 953 people responded that they would vote for the candidate. because there are 87,403 voters in the area, the results mean that 45,466 people would vote for this candidate. identify a problem with the study.

a)the correlation between the variables implies causality.

b)a nonresponse occurred.

c)the result is a precise number.

d)some of the sample data are missing.

9. a hospital did a ten-year study on patients who used its services. one thousand patients were randomly selected and followed over a period of ten years to determine the average number of visits per year. by the end of the ten year period some of the patients had left the area. identify the problem with the poll.

a)a nonresponse occurred.

b)the relationship between two variables implies one causes the other.

c)some of the sample data are missing.

d)the conclusion is based on a voluntary response sample.

1.
Given that a study uses statistical methods to conclude that there is an association between the weights of cars and the amounts of fuel consumption.

This means that the study established a correlation between the weights of cars and the amounts of fuel consumption.

But, a correlation between variables, however, does not automatically mean that the change in one variable is the cause of the change in the values of the other variable.

Causation indicates that one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event; i.e. there is a causal relationship between the two events.

Therefore, the conclusion by the study that adding weight to a car is what makes it consume more fuel is wrong because The conclusion is based on a correlation that implies causality. [option A]

2.
Given that a recent government agency found that 89% of people that owned a car were above the poverty line, while only 8% of people that did not own a car were above the poverty line. They concluded that owning a car kept people out of poverty and started a program to give cars to people below the poverty line.

We can see that the problem with the study is that the government agency automatically assumed that the correlation between the variables implies causality.

3.
Given that a government agency produced a study in which they randomly chose 100 students just beginning college to determine what percentage of students who begin college graduate with a degree. After four years they identified that 23 had dropped out of college, 45 had graduated, and 20 were still pursuing their degree.

Notice that the number of final sample is less than the number of the initial sample. (i.e. 23 + 45 + 20 = 88 is less than 100)

Therefore, What is wrong with this poll is that some of the sample data are missing.


4.
Given that a shampoo company recently paid a consulting firm to produce a study to determine if using their product resulted in cleaner hair than other brands.

As can be noticed the study is based on the self interest of the shampoo company.

Therefore, the thing wrong with this study is that it is a self-interest study.


5.
Given that a survey was recently quoted to support the news that the number of trees in the United States is increasing. Upon further research it was found that the survey was fully funded by a logging company.

As can be seen, the logging company funded the survey in other to justify their activities

Therefore, the problem with this survey is that it is a self-interest study.


6.
Given that a radio station sent a letter in the mail to 1000 randomly chosen residents within its broadcast area. The letter contained one dollar and a survey. The survey asked recipients to track their radio habits over a week. The survey was to be filled out and sent back in to the radio station.

Here, the major problem with this study is the problem of non-response.
There is every possibility that not all the mails will be delivered either way. (i.e. not all the ones sent out by the radio stations will get to the intended respondents and not all the responses from the respondents will get back to the radio station.)

Therefore, a problem with the study is that a nonresponse occurred.

7.
Given that the fire department in California decided to take a poll to see if residents would pay a monthly fee for their services. They polled 22 people in the state and concluded that residents were not willing to pay a monthly fee.

As can be seen, a sample of 22 people is too small to refrect the views of the population of a state.

Therefore, what is wrong with this poll is that the conclusion is based on a small sample.

8.
Given that a campaign manager created a survey to see if the candidate could be elected into office. The survey randomly chose 1,832 voters and asked them whom they would vote for. Of those surveyed, 953 people responded that they would vote for the candidate. Because there are 87,403 voters in the area, the results mean that 45,466 people would vote for this candidate.

As can be seen, the surveyor concluded that since a proportion of 953 out of 1,832 voters responded that they would vote for the candidate, then a similar proportion of the entire voters'population (i.e. 45,466 out of 87,403) would vote for his candidate. This is a precise number and surveys do not usually result in a presice number but in a proportion with an allowed margin of error.

Therefore, a problem with the study is that the result is a precise number.


9.
Given that a hospital did a ten-year study on patients who used its services. One thousand patients were randomly selected and followed over a period of ten years to determine the average number of visits per year. By the end of the ten year period some of the patients had left the area.

As can be seen, because some of the patients had left the area, the problem with the poll is that some of the sample data are missing.