A report describes the results of a large survey that was conducted for the Center for Disease Control (CDC). The sample was selected in a way that the CDC believed would result in a sample that was representative of adult Americans. One question on the survey asked respondents if they had learned something new about a health issue or disease from a TV show in the previous 6 months. Data from the survey was used to estimate the following probabilities, where L = outcome that a randomly selected adult American reports learning something new about a health issue or disease from a TV show in the previous 6 months
and
F = outcome that a randomly selected adult American is female
Data from the survey were used to estimate the following probabilities:

P(L)= 0.58 P(F)= 0.50 P(L and F)= 0.31

Are the outcomes L and F independent? Use probabilities to justify your answer.