. Imagine a game of 3 players where exactly one player wins in the end and all players have equal chances of being the winner. The game is repeated four times. Find the probability that there is at least one person who wins no games. Hint: Consider the events Ai in which person i wins no games and use the inclusion-exclusion formula.

5/9

Step-by-step explanation:

Number of players = 3

number of times game is repeated = 4

P( any person wins a game ) = 1/3

P ( any person does not win a game ) = 1 - 1/3 = 2/3

P ( any person wins no game in 4 attempts ) = ( 2/3 )^4 = 16/81

Note : each player has equal chance of winning

Find the probability that there is at least one person who wins no games

lets represent the probability of each player not wining a game with alphabet A

A1 = player 1 wins no game

A2 = player 2 wins no game

A3 = players 3 wins no game

Applying the inclusion-exclusion formula

P( A1 ∪ A2 U A3 ) = P(A1 ) + P(A2) + P(A3) - P( A1 ∩ A2 ) - P( A2 ∩ A3 ) - P( A1            ∩ A3 )  + P( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 )

where

P( A1 ∩ A2 ) = P( A1 wins all games )

P ( A1 wins all games in 4 attempts ) = ( 1/3 )^4 = 1/81

P( A1 ∩ A2 ∩ A3 ) = P ( no players wins any game in 4 attempts ) = 0

Hence

P( A1 ∪ A2 U A3 ) = 16/81 + 16/81 + 16/81 - 1/81 - 1/81 - 1/81 - 0 = 5/9