1) All birds can fly. (2) Penguins are birds. Therefore, (3) Penguins can fly. Question 1 options: Passes the true premises test and passes the proper form test. Passes the true premises test and fails the proper form test. Fails the true premises test and passes the proper form test. Fails the true premises test and fails the proper form test. None of the above.

The correct Answer is - Fails the true premises test and passes the proper form test.

Step-by-step explanation:

Given,

The first premise is - All birds can fly

The second premise is - Penguins are birds

Conclusion - Penguins can fly

As we know that all birds cannot fly , so first premise is not true.

Penguins is a bird , it is true . So second premise is true.

As , to pass the true premise test, both premises has to be true

But here, in this question , one premise is not true

So, it Fails the true premises test.

As the argument is valid

If the premises is true , then the conclusion is valid

So, it passes the proper form test.

ab will be equal to