Find the p-value using Excel (not Appendix D): (Round your answers to 4 decimal places.) p-value (a) Right-tailed test t = 1.465, d. f. = 11 (b) Two-tailed test t = 2.522, d. f. = 12 (c) Left-tailed test t = –1.952, d. f. = 22

(a) 0.0855

(b) 0.0268

(c) 0.0319

Step-by-step explanation:

The p-value is well defined as per the probability, [under the null hypothesis (H₀)], of attaining a result equivalent to or greater than what was truly observed.

A small p-value (typically p ≤ 0.05) specifies sturdy proof against the null hypothesis (H₀), so we discard H₀. A large p-value (p > 0.05) specifies fragile proof against the H₀, so we fail to discard H₀.

(a)

Use the Excel function "=T.DIST.RT(1.465,11)" to compute the right-tailed p-value for a test statistic of, t = 1.465 and s degrees of freedom of, df = 11.

p-value = 0.0855

(b)

Use the Excel function "=T.DIST.2T(2.522,12)" to compute the two-tailed p-value for a test statistic of, t = 2.522 and s degrees of freedom of, df = 12.

p-value = 0.0268

(c)

Use the Excel function "=T.DIST(-1.952,22,TRUE)" to compute the left-tailed p-value for a test statistic of, t = -1.952 and s degrees of freedom of, df = 22.

p-value = 0.0319