Assortative mating is a nonrandom mating pattern where individuals with similar genotypes and/or phenotypes mate with one another more frequently than what would be expected under a random mating pattern. Researchers studying this topic collected data on eye colors of 204 Scandinavian men and their female partners. The table below summarizes the results (rows represent male eye color while columns represent female eye color). For simplicity, we only include heterosexual relationships in this exercise. (please round any numerical answers to 4 decimal places)
Blue Brown Green Total
Blue 78 23 13 114
Brown 19 23 12 54
Green 11 9 16 36
Total 108 55 41 204
a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen male respondent or his partner has blue eyes?
b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen male respondent with blue eyes has a partner with blue eyes?
c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen male respondent with brown eyes has a partner with blue eyes?
d) What is the probability of a randomly chosen male respondent with green eyes having a partner with blue eyes?
e) Does it appear that the eye colors of male respondents and their partners are independent? Explain.

a) P(male=blue or female=blue) = 0.71

b) P(female=blue | male=blue) = 0.68

c) P(female=blue | male=brown) = 0.35

d) P(female=blue | male=green) = 0.31

e) We can conclude that the eye colors of male respondents and their partners are not independent.

Step-by-step explanation:

We are given following information about eye colors of 204 Scandinavian men and their female partners.

              Blue    Brown     Green    Total

Blue        78         23            13          114

Brown     19         23            12          54

Green     11           9             16          36

Total      108       55            41          204

a) What is the probability that a randomly chosen male respondent or his partner has blue eyes?

Using the addition rule of probability,

∵ P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)

For the given case,

P(male=blue or female=blue) = P(male=blue) + P(female=blue) - P(male=blue and female=blue)

P(male=blue or female=blue) = 114/204 + 108/204 − 78/204

P(male=blue or female=blue) = 0.71

b) What is the probability that a randomly chosen male respondent with blue eyes has a partner with blue eyes?

As per the rule of conditional probability,

P(female=blue | male=blue) = 78/114

P(female=blue | male=blue) = 0.68

c) What is the probability that a randomly chosen male respondent with brown eyes has a partner with blue eyes?

As per the rule of conditional probability,

P(female=blue | male=brown) = 19/54

P(female=blue | male=brown) = 0.35

d) What is the probability of a randomly chosen male respondent with green eyes having a partner with blue eyes?

As per the rule of conditional probability,

P(female=blue | male=green) = 11/36

P(female=blue | male=green) = 0.31

e) Does it appear that the eye colors of male respondents and their partners are independent? Explain

If the following relation holds true then we can conclude that the eye colors of male respondents and their partners are independent.

∵ P(B | A) = P(B)

P(female=blue | male=brown) = P(female=blue)

or alternatively, you can also test

P(female=blue | male=green) = P(female=blue)

P(female=blue | male=blue) = P(female=blue)

But

P(female=blue | male=brown) ≠ P(female=blue)

19/54 ≠ 108/204

0.35 ≠ 0.53

Therefore, we can conclude that the eye colors of male respondents and their partners are not independent.

2.2°  

step-by-step explanation:

let θ = the angle of elevation.

tanθ =77/2020

tanθ = 0.038 12

      θ = tan⁻¹0.038 12

      θ = 2.2°