Each of the following conclusions is based on a relationship between X and Y that is completely spurious. For each one: i. Think up a plausible variable, Z, that defines a compositional difference across the values of X.
ii. Describe how Z creates the relationship between X and Y.

Example: Red cars (X) are more likely to be involved in accidents (Y) than are nonred cars.
Conclusion: If red cars are banned, the accident rate will decline. (i) Driver age (Z). (ii) Drivers of red cars are younger than drivers of nonred cars. Younger people have higher accident rates (Y) than do older people. As car color (X) varies, driver age (Z) varies, which causes accident rates (Y) to change.

a. Students who smoke (X) earn lower grades (Y) than students who do not smoke.
Conclusion:
b. Expectant mothers who drink bottled water (X) have healthier babies (Y) than do expectant mothers who do not drink bottled water.
Conclusion:
c. Tea drinkers (X) are more likely to be Democrats (Y) than are non–tea drinkers.
Conclusion:

Bella want to know what the students at her school think of her show. which is the best group to survey to find this information a. go to the mall and ask all of the students she recognizes from school b. ask her viewers to call in durning an episode of the show c. get a list of students at her school from the office and use a random number generator to pick 30 of them d. get a list of students at her school from the office and pick the first 30 students on the list

Complete the steps to find 4.830 ÷ 5

Ascientist studied a population of workers to determine whether verbal praise and/or tangible rewards affect employee productivity. in the study, some workers were offered verbal praise, some were offered tangible rewards (gift cards, presents, and some were offered neither. the productivity of each participant was measured throughout the study by recording the number of daily tasks completed by each employee. which inference might the scientists make based on the given information? a.) the number of daily tasks completed by each employee may influence the dependent variable, which is whether the employee receives verbal praise, tangible rewards, or neither. b.) verbal praise and/or tangible rewards may influence the independent variable, which is the number of daily tasks completed by each employee. c.) verbal praise and/or tangible rewards may influence the dependent variable, which is the number of daily tasks completed by each employee. d.) the dependent variables, which are verbal praise and tangible rewards, may influence the number of daily tasks completed by each employee.