How would you use a completely randomized experiment in each of the following settings? Is a placebo being used or not? 1. A charitable non-profit organization wants to test two methods of fundraising. From a list of 1,000 p half will be sent literature about the successful activities of the charity and asked to make another donation. The other 500 donors will be contacted by phone and asked to make another donation. The percentage of people from each group will be compared.
A. Randomly select 100 donors to receive the literature and 900 donors to receive the phone call.
B. A placebo is not being used.
C. A placebo is being used for the remaining 900 donors.
D. After the donation collection period, calculate the average or total amount collected from the 500 donors in the treatment group.
E. After the donation collection period, compare the average or total amount collected from each of the two treatment groups.
F. Randomly select 500 donors to receive the literature and 500 donors to receive the phone call.
2. A tooth-whitening gel is to be tested for effectiveness. A group of 85 adults have volunteered to participate in the study. Of these, 43 are to be given a gel that contains the tooth-whitening chemicals. The remaining 42 are to be given a similar-looking package of gel that does not contain the tooth-whitening chemicals. A standard method will be used to evaluate the whiteness of teeth for all participants. Then the results for the two groups will be compared.
A. A placebo is not being used.
B. After the treatment period, compare the whiteness of the 43 treated adults.
C. Randomly select 43 adults to be given the treatment gel.
D. Randomly select 85 adults to be given the treatment gel.
E. After the treatment period, compare the whiteness of the two groups.
F. The remaining 42 adults receive the placebo gel.
3. How could this experiment be designed to be double-blind?
A. Neither the treatment administrators nor the patients would know which gel the patients are receiving.
B. The patients would not know which gel they or the other patients are receiving.
C. The patients would not know which gel they are receiving.
D. The treatment administrators would not know which gel the patients are receiving.
4. Consider the experiment described in part (a). Describe how you would use a randomized block experiment with blocks based on age. Use three blocks: donors under 30 years old, donors 30 to 59 years old, donors 60 and over.
A. Last, compute percentages of donors in each block for each group and compare results within each group. B. First, assign individuals to the three blocks based on age.
C. Second, assign individuals to the three blocks based on age.
D. First, use random selection to assign half the individuals to mail solicitation and the other half to phone.
E. Second, use random selection to assign half the individuals in each block to mail solicitation and the other half to phone.
F. Last, compute percentages of donors in each group for each block and compare results within each block.

a) 0.25x times 3. (could be wrong on equation.)

b) 2.25 pound of dark chocolate. (can i eat all the chocolate? plz? anyway, again, could be wrong, but i hope im right. all the chocolate together should be 5.25 pounds)

have a good day!

here we can see that the storage increases

at certain times of the year - during the

warmer months, when the gas is not much

used for heating and reserves can be

increased - and then decreases during the

colder months because the supply is being

used. it is possible to model this with a

relatively simple trigonometric graph, but

first we examine the simplest trig curves.

065/065.html

the basics

the simplest sine and cosine curves can be generated by plotting the trig-function values

against the angles used in each function. the values can be found in the chart below:

ø (˚) 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 210 225 240 270 300 315 330 360

sin ø

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0 1

2

2

2 3

2 1 3

2 2

2 1

2

0 − 1

2

− 2

2 − 3

2 − 1 − 3

2 − 2

2 − 1

2

0

cos ø

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1 3

2 2

2 1

2 0 − 1

2

− 2

2 − 3

2 − 1 − 3

2 − 2

2 − 1

2

0 1

2 2

2 3

2 1

first we plot the sine data, letting the x-axis represent the angles and the y-axis the sine

values. the result is the scatter plot below.

based on just these 17 data points, we can see

that the function is following a straightforward

pattern - the sine values are increasing to 1,

decreasing through the same values to -1, then

returning to zero. when we connect the dots, we

get the periodic curve y = sin (x) below.

this “sine curve,” with equation

y = sin(x), is the simplest of trig

graphs. the curve rises and falls by

one unit from its “axis of

oscillation” - in this case, the x-axis

- and after we cycle through 360˚ it

appears we are ready to go through

the same y-values again. we can see

this same pattern in the cosine

function on the following page.

each sine and cosine curve has two basic characteristics:

amplitude - distance the curve rises above, and falls below, its axis of oscillation (marked by

the vertical arrows on the cosine graph). the formula is

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amp = max− min

2 .

period - the length of one cycle (marked by the horizontal arrows on the cosine graph).

this can be calculated by measuring the distance between any successive maximum

points (or minimum points), or by doubling the horizontal distance between a

minimum and the next maximum.

for our first two curves, then, the amplitude is 1 and the period is 360˚ (or 2! if we are in radians).

adjusting the amplitude and frequency: y = a sin(bx), y = a cos(bx)

now that we have our “base” amplitude and frequency . . let’s change them. we can adjust both

characteristics by introducing the parameters a and b into the equations. the graph below shows the

curves y = a sin(x) for a = 1,2,3, and -0.5, with the original curve y = sin(x) being the thickest line.

clearly the amplitude of the curves has changed;

when a = 2, the amplitude is 2; when a = 3, the

amplitude is 3; and when a = -0.5 the amplitude is

0.5 (since amplitude, a distance, must be positive).

however, this last curve has also been flipped upside

down (or “reflected in the x-axis”). since the

amplitude must be positive even when a itself is

negative, we have the formula

amplitude = | a |.

the relationship between the b-value and the

period is not so straightforward. on the right

we have y = cos(bx) for b = 1,3, and 0.5. (the

thickest line is again our “base” curve.) when

b=3, the period decreases to 120˚; when

b=0.5, the period increases to 720˚ (so only

half the curve is shown here). we can describe

this reciprocal relationship with the formula

€

b = 360

period or

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b = 2π

period ,

using the latter if we are working in radians.

shifting horizontally and vertically: y = sin(x-h) + k, y = cos(x-h) + k

to shift (or “translate”) a curve along either the x- or y-axis (or both), we introduce the parameters

h and k. below we have the graph of y = sin (x - 30) + 2 and y = sin(x). (note that we have returned

to an amplitude of 1 and period of 360˚). our original

curve y = sin(x) had its peak at the point (90,1); the

shifted curve has its corresponding peak at (120, 3). in

the same way, the original curve had a minimum value

at (270, -1); now the minimum is at (300,1). and

finally, the axis of oscillation has shifted vertically

from the line x = 0 to the line x =2. in other words, our

new curve has been created by shifting y = sin(x) right

30 and u p 2. and, in general, we can create the

following shifts:

horizontal shift = h (left if h < 0, right if h > 0)

vertical shift/new axis of oscillation = k.

modelling data: y = a sin[b(x-h)] + k, y = a cos[b(x-h)] + k

we have seen how the basic sine and cosine curves can be adjusted: by changing the amplitude

and period, and by shifting the curves horizontally and vertically. a summary is below.

amplitude = | a | vertical shift/axis of oscillation = k

period =

€

360

b

or

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2π

b