When our brains store information, complicated chemical changes take place. In trying to understand these changes, researchers blocked some processes in brain cells taken from rats and compared these cells with a control group of normal cells. They report that "no difference was seen" between the two groups (P 0.45). (a) Say clearly what the P-value, P- 0.45, says about the response that was observed. None of the options are correct. P-0.45 says that a response this large or larger would be seen in sample data nearly all of the time when in fact there is no effect in the entire population of rats. That is, a response this size would often happen just by chance. P-045 says that a response this large or larger would be seen in sample data almost half the time when in fact there is no effect in the entire population of rats. That is, a response this size would often happen just by chance P-045 says that a response this small or smaller would be seen in sample data almost half the time when in fact there is no effect in the entire population of rats. That is, a response this size would often happen just by chance. (b) It is not literally true that "no difference was seen." That is, the computed mean response was not exactly the same in the two groups. Select the correct explanation detailing what the researchers mean when they give P = 0.45 and say "no difference was seen." None of the options are correct. When the researchers give P 0.45 and say "no difference was seen," they are indicating that the observed difference in the samples was not large enough to be convincing evidence of a difference in the two underlying populations. The small observed difference in the two groups could be due to random chance. When the researchers give P 0.45 and say "no difference was seen," they are indicating that the observed difference in the samples was too large to be convincing evidence of a difference in the two underlying populations The small observed difference in the two groups could not be due to random chance When the researchers give P 0.45 and say "no difference was seen," they are indicating that the observed difference in the samples was not an issue to be considered concerning evidence of a difference in the two underlying populations. The small observed difference in the two groups was due to user error.