Dr. Oswald conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in the Memphis, Tennessee, area in the southern United States. Below is a summary of her key findings:

a. Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress:r=-.57, p = .01
b. Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress:r=.09,p>.05
c. Number of friends one has and life satisfaction:r = .36, p = .04

The p > .05 relationship between the number of friends one has and experience of daily stress indicates all of the following EXCEPT

a. Effect size could not be calculated
b. Number of friends and experience of daily stress are unrelated in this sample
c. There is more than a 5% chance the relationship between these two variables is due to chance alone
d. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables