Cadmium, a heavy metal, is toxic to animals. mushrooms, however, are able to absorb and accumulate cadmium at high concentrations. the czech and slovac governments have set a safety limit for cadmium in dry vegetables at 0.5 part per million (ppm). m. melgar et al. measured the cadmium levels in a random sample size 12 of the edible mushroom boletus pinicola and published the results in the paper "influence of some factors in toxicity and accumulation of cd from edible wild macrofungi in nw spain". here are the data: 0.24, 0.59, 0.62, 0.16, 0.77, 1.33, 0.92, 0.19, 0.33, 0.25, 0.59, 0.32 at the 5% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean cadmium level in boletus pinicola mushrooms differ from the government’s limit of 0.5 ppm? 1) assume that the population standard deviation is known and equal to 0.37 ppm and so apply one mean-z test using r. 2) assume that the population standard deviation is unknown and sample standard deviation must be used as an estimate to population standard deviation and so apply one mean-t test using r.

"it's not the heat, it's the humidity".   that's a partly valid phrase you may have heard in the summer, but it's actually both.   the heat index, also known as the apparent temperature, is what the temperature feels like to the human body when relative humidity is combined with the air temperature.   this has important considerations for the human body's comfort.   when the body gets too hot, it begins to perspire or sweat to cool itself off.   if the perspiration is not able to evaporate, the body cannot regulate its temperature.   evaporation is a cooling process.   when perspiration is evaporated off the body, it effectively reduces the body's temperature.   when the atmospheric moisture content (i.e. relative humidity) is high, the rate of perspiration from the body decreases.   in other words, the human body feels warmer in humid conditions.   the opposite is true when the relative humidity decreases because the rate of perspiration increases.   the body actually feels cooler in arid conditions.   there is direct relationship between the air temperature and relative humidity and the heat index, meaning as the air temperature and relative humidity increase (decrease), the heat index increases (decreases).

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