Identify all values, if any, in the data set that would be considered outliers when creating a modified boxplot 4 5 7 9 10 10 12 13 15 16 16 17 18 23 31 a. no outliers b. 31 c. 4 and 31 d. 4

B. 31

Step-by-step explanation:

First we arrange the given data in a n order , we get

4, 5, 7, 9, 10 ,10, 12, 13, 15, 16, 16 ,17,  18 , 23,31

Lower half of data =4, 5, 7, 9, 10 ,10, 12

First Quartile = Median of lower half = 9

Upper half of data =  15, 16, 16 ,17,  18 , 23,31

Third Quartile = Median of upper half = 17

Interquartile range =

Using Interquartile range rule,

Upper limit =

Lower limit =

From the given data , all values lies in the above boundary i.e. all values are greater than -3 and less than 29 except 31 (31>29).

Hence, the outlier for the given data is 31.