Given the announcement for creating a public defender office at the 1893 World’s Fair and the case of Gideon v. Wainwright, why do you think it took so long for the Sixth Amendment right to become standard practice in America? The long history of dispute in America between federal power and state power caused such delay.

Most people are not aware of all the amendments and what they guarantee.

Florida is an important state for being a model for abiding by the law.

It took a lawyer who could point out the flaws in an eyewitness to convince the nation of individuals’ rights.

A prior decision of the Court’s, Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455 (1942), held that the refusal to appoint counsel for an indigent defendant charged with a felony in state court did not necessarily violate the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.  The Court granted Gideon’s petition for a writ of certiorari – that is, agreed to hear Gideon’s case and review the decision of the lower court – in order to determine whether Betts should be reconsidered.

Explanation:

Clarence Earl Gideon was an unlikely hero.  He was a man with an eighth-grade education who ran away from home when he was in middle school.  He spent much of his early adult life as a drifter, spending time in and out of prisons for nonviolent crimes.

Gideon was charged with breaking and entering with the intent to commit a misdemeanor, which is a felony under Florida law.  At trial, Gideon appeared in court without an attorney.  In open court, he asked the judge to appoint counsel for him because he could not afford an attorney.  The trial judge denied Gideon’s request because Florida law only permitted appointment of counsel for poor defendants charged with capital offenses.

At trial, Gideon represented himself – he made an opening statement to the jury, cross-examined the prosecution’s witnesses, presented witnesses in his own defense, declined to testify himself, and made arguments emphasizing his innocence.  Despite his efforts, the jury found Gideon guilty and he was sentenced to five years imprisonment.

Gideon sought relief from his conviction by filing a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the Florida Supreme Court.  In his petition, Gideon challenged his conviction and sentence on the ground that the trial judge’s refusal to appoint counsel violated Gideon’s constitutional rights.  The Florida Supreme Court denied Gideon’s petition.

Gideon next filed a handwritten petition in the Supreme Court of the United States.  The Court agreed to hear the case to resolve the question of whether the right to counsel guaranteed under the Sixth Amendment of the Constitution applies to defendants in state court.

answer: in july 1862

explanation: during the american civil war, president abraham lincoln and congress passed the revenue act of 1862, creating the office of commissioner of internal revenue and enacting a temporary income tax to pay war expenses. the revenue act of 1862 was passed as an emergency and temporary war-time tax.

answer:

taxes pay for all sorts of government jobs and services. federal taxes pay for national things like the president, the congress, federal judges, and the military. state taxes pay for roads and the governor. county and city taxes pay for schools, fire trucks, and the police. without taxes, the government couldn't run and the country would be in chaos.

explanation: