On February 5, 1937, President Franklin Roosevelt (Links to an external site.) announces a controversial plan to expand the Supreme Court (Links to an external site.) to as many as 15 judges, allegedly to make it more efficient. Critics immediately charged that Roosevelt was trying to “pack” the court and thus neutralize Supreme Court justices hostile to his New Deal (Links to an external site.). (Links to an external site.) During the previous two years, the high court had struck down several key pieces of New Deal legislation on the grounds that the laws delegated an unconstitutional amount of authority to the executive branch and the federal government. Flushed with his landslide reelection in 1936, President Roosevelt issued a proposal in February 1937 to provide retirement at full pay for all members of the court over 70. If a justice refused to retire, an “assistant” with full voting rights was to be appointed, thus ensuring Roosevelt a liberal majority. Most Republicans and many Democrats in Congress opposed the so-called “court-packing” plan.

In April, however, before the bill came to a vote in Congress, two Supreme Court justices came over to the liberal side and by a narrow majority upheld as constitutional the National Labor Relations Act and the Social Security Act (Links to an external site.). The majority opinion acknowledged that the national economy had grown to such a degree that federal regulation and control was now warranted. Roosevelt’s reorganization plan was thus unnecessary, and in July the Senate struck it down by a vote of 70 to 22. Soon after, Roosevelt had the opportunity to nominate his first Supreme Court justice, and by 1942 all but two of the justices were his appointees.

Why did FDR abandon his plan to add more judges to the Supreme Court?

A) Two conservative judges died, allowing FDR to appoint two of his own liberal judges.

B) Two Senators died, allowing FDR to appoint more liberal Senators.

C) Two judges abdicated and allowed him to nominate two of his own liberal judges.

D) Two conservative judges began to agree with his legislation