Which amendment best addresses the fears of federalists like james madison, that rights and powers not specifically listed in the constitution or bill of rights will not be protected in the future?

9th Amendment--This amendment is called the enumerated rights amendment.

The enumerated rights amendment states that if a right is not explicitly covered by the Constitution it will still be protected as a natural right under the Constitution. Many civil rights cases in the Supreme Court have been settled under this amendment. 

The articles created a national government composed of a congress, which had the power to declare war, sign treaties, make alliances and more.