How did the experiences of china, the ottoman empire, japan, and latin america, all of which retained their independence despite much european pressure, differ from those of africa, india, southeast asia, and pacific oceania, which fell under formal colonial rule?

During the main period of imperialism, Europe was interested in conquering as much land as possible. This led Europeans to take control of extremely large areas of the world, such as most of Africa, India, Southeast Asia and most of Pacific Oceania.

However, many other regions remained independent, such as China, the Ottoman Empire, Japan, and Latin America. Although these areas did not fall under colonial rule, this did not always mean that they were in a better situation. Many of these areas struggled economically as they often had to compete against the much larger empires and European hegemony. Moreover, these regions were still under constant threat of colonial powers, which meant that they had to maintain a defensive attitude. Finally, these regions often faced more internal divisions when compared to large empires.

to reform the distraught soviet union, the democratization of the communist party was promoted through party secretary mikhail gorbachev's policies of “perestroika” and “glasnost.” perestroika refers to the reconstruction of the political and economic system established by the communist party.

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