Which of the following statements is a similarity between ming and qing rule in china?
a. both were primarily concerned with maintaining stability in a large agricultural society by adopting traditional chinese political and cultural policies
b. both identified invasions from northern peoples as the primary threat to china's security and so they invested heavily in re-fortifying the great wall
c. both sought to expand china's overseas influence by developing a strong navy, which they could use to develop trade connections and to fight the increasing threat from japanese pirates
d. both sought to preserve chinese tradition and culture from outside influences like christianity and japanese buddhism by erecting barriers to cultural interactions with the west and the east