Why did the european crusades directly lead to the age of exploration?

(a) european nations needed to develop more effi cient means to travel to

newly acquired lands in the middle east.

(b) islamic control of the middle east and north africa cut off europe

from the mediterranean sea during the 11th century.

(c) lost navigational technologies of the greeks and romans were

discovered during the crusades in newly conquered lands.

(d) returning crusaders brought exotic spices, perfumes, and fabrics,

creating a new european demand for these commodities.

(e) maps defi ning safe passages to eastern lands were discovered by

europeans during the crusades.