During the industrial revolution, corporations began to raise capital by
a. establishing sole-proprietorships.
c. forming groups and selling stock.
b. increasing the cost of goods and production.
d. promoting partnerships

The answer is C.

As the industrial revolution grew, new business practices developed.  Before, most businesses were owned by a sole proprietor (single owner), or a small partnership. But  ways of doing business changed dramatically during industrialization, when corporation were formed.  Corporations were formed to raise capital for expansion. They did this by selling stock in form of shares to investors. 

Corporations basically are a business with many shareholders. The share holders receive dividends when the company makes profit, and can only lose what they have put in.

it would be  

germany had to pay all damages related to the war.

and i think

germany had to take sole responsibility for the war.

billygate was not one of the scandals