Legislation is powerless to [eliminate] racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical if the civil and political rights of both races be equal, one cannot be inferior to the other civilly or politically. if one race be inferior to the other socially, the constitution of the united states cannot put them upon the same plane. what is the main purpose of this passage? to criticize louisiana for its segregation of railroad cars to argue against those who oppose segregation to defend segregation as an acceptable practice to deny that legal segregation is necessary

answer; taking up arms to defend the nation;

in mcculloch v. maryland (1819) the supreme court ruled that congress had implied powers under the necessary and proper clause of article i, section 8 of the constitution to create the second bank of the united states and that the state of maryland lacked the power to tax the bank.

gibbons v. ogden, (1824), was a landmark decision in which the supreme court of the united states held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to congress by the commerce clause of the united states constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.