Many european empires arose in the wake of
a. the collapse of the byzantine empire
b. mongol invasions throughout the region
c. hun invasions that triggered a mass migration
d. the expansion of african kingdoms like the ghana

it is the dominance of   the spanish language and roman catholic region in mexico, french being the official language of several african countries, and the existence of a western-style government in south asian countries

for starters, there is the structural trend of rising primary government expenditure as a share of gdp, which reached 36% in 2014, up from 22% in 1991. this increase reflected a political desire to address the poverty and inequality that had gone unaddressed during previous decades. to support the increase, brazil’s government increased taxes on consumption and promoted progress toward labor-market formalization. nonetheless, public investment, particularly in infrastructure, took a hit. in fact, with the exception of the 2005-2008 period, total investment as a share of gdp has remained below 20% since 1991.