1399Richard II deposed
Henry IV crowned King of England (r. 1399-1413)
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Enlarged image1400Death of Geoffrey Chaucer1404John the Fearless succeeds his father Philip the Bold as Duke of Burgundy, Count of Flanders (r. 1404-1419)1415Battle of Agincourt (24 Oct.)
Charles, Duke of Orleans, taken prisoner and held in England until 14401417End of the Great Schism1419Philip the Good succeeds as Duke of Burgundy (r. 1419-1467)1422Deaths of Charles VI of France and Henry V of England
Henry VI crowned King of England1429Charles VII crowned King of France at Rheims (r. 1429-1461)1430Institution by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, of the chivalric Order of the Golden Fleece1431Joan of Arc burnt at stake in Rouen (30 May)1432Henry VI crowned King of France
Ghent altarpiece The Adoration of the Lambcompleted by the Van Eycks1434Cosimo de'Medici (d.1464) becomes ruler of Florence1435Leone Battista Alberti completes his On Painting1436Charles VII recovers Paris1439Bull of Union between the Greek and Latin Churches1441Death of the painter Jan van Eyck1444Death of the painter Robert Campin, of Tournai1450Kentish Rebellion of Jack Cade1452Birth of Leonardo da Vinci (d.1519)1453Fall of Constantinople to Sultan Mehmet II (29 May)
End of Hundred Years War (19 Oct.)
Death of the composer John Dunstaple1454Beginning of the Wars of the Roses (22 May)1455Gutenberg Bible is printed at Mainz1461Edward IV becomes King of England (r. 1461-1470, 1471-1483)
Louis XI becomes King of France (r. 1461-1483)1464Death of the painter Rogier van der Weyden, of Tournai1467Charles the Bold succeeds as Duke of Burgundy (r. 1467-1477)1469Lorenzo de'Medici (d.1492) becomes ruler of Florence1470Sir Thomas Malory completes his Morte d'Arthur1470/1Exile of Edward IV in the Low Countries1474Death of the composer Guillaume Dufay1475Birth of the artist Michelangelo Buonarroti (d. 1564)
William Caxton produces the first book printed in English1477Death of Charles the Bold, last Valois Duke of Burgundy, at the battle of Nancy
Archduke Maximilian of Austria marries Mary of Burgundy1479Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile become the 'Catholic Monarchs of Spain'1482Death of the painter Hugo van der Goes, of Ghent1483Richard III becomes King of England (r. 1483-1485)1485Battle of Bosworth and accession of Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch1488Bartolomeu Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope1489Death of the painter Simon Marmion, of Valenciennes1490Aldine Press founded at Venice by Aldus Manutius1492Conquest of Granada by Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Christopher Columbus sails to the New World
Martin Behaim constructs at Nuremberg the first terrestrial globe1494Death of the painter Hans Memling, of Bruges1495Manuel I becomes King of Portugal (r. 1495-1521)1496/7Double marriage between the Archduke Philip the Fair and Joanna of Castile, and Margaret of Austria and the Infante John of Castile1497John Cabot sails to Newfoundland1498Vasco da Gama reaches India
Leonardo da Vinci completes The Last Supperin Milan1500Birth of the future Holy Roman Emperor Charles V1503James IV of Scotland marries Margaret Tudor1506Death of the painter Andrea Mantegna
Death of the Archduke Philip the Fair in Spain1507Margaret of Austria appointed Governor of the Netherlands1509Henry VIII becomes King of England (r. 1509-1547)1510Death of the painter Sandro Botticelli, of Florence1513Niccolò Machiavelli completes The Prince1516Publication at Basel of Erasmus's Latin translation of the New Testament1517Publication at Wittenberg of Luther's Theses1520The Emperor Charles V crowned at Aachen
Suleiman the Magnificent succeeds his father Selim I
Death of the painter Raffaello de'Santi (Raphael)1521Death of the composer Josquin Desprès1522Publication at Wittenberg of Luther's German translation of the New Testament1522Knights of St John abandon Rhodes to the Turks1523Death of the painter Gerard David1524Francis I invades Italy1525Battle of Pavia (24 Feb.)1526Publication at Worms of William Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament1527Sack of Rome1528Death of the artist Albrecht Dürer1529Siege of Vienna by the Turks
Fall of Cardinal Wolsey1531Henry VIII becomes Supreme Head of the Church in England1533Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn1534Ignatius Loyola founds the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
