1. first to declare act of Congress unconstitutional = John Marshall
John Marshall was a Chief Justice who made the final decision in the Marbury v. Madison case, when the branches of the American government were officially separated. He decided that the Supreme Court had the responsibility of overturning the Congress's decision.
2. led "Revolution of 1800" = Thomas Jefferson
The Revolution of 1800 refers to his election, which was an important event because it was the first time the authority in the US passed from one political party to another. He was one of the Founding Fathers who wanted to modernize America.
3. President Jefferson's Secretary of State = James Madison
When Jefferson was elected President in 1801, he obviously had to create his own Cabinet. His Vice Presidents were Aaron Burr and later George Clinton, his Secretary of State was James Madison, his Secretary of War was Henry Dearborn, and so on.
4. sold Louisiana Territory to United States = Napoleon
Prior to this event, Louisiana Territory belonged to France after France went to America and gathered some territories there when America was first discovered. However, Napoleon decided to sell this land back to America in 1803, for fifty million francs.
5. explored the Louisiana Territory and points west = Lewis and Clark
Lewis and Clark were American explorers who were tasked with exploring certain parts of America, especially in the western areas. Their expedition lasted for two years, having started in 1804. Their goal was to create a map of those territories.
6. witnessed the bombardment of Fort McHenry = Francis Scott Key
Francis Scott Key was an American lawyer who often dabbled in poetry. After the events of the bombardment of Fort McHenry, he wrote his famous poem "Defence of Fort M'Henry" which later became "Star Spangled Banner," American national anthem.
7. President Jefferson's Secretary of the Treasury = Albert Gallatin
President Jefferson had two Secretaries of the Treasury during his presidency - the first one was Samuel Dexter, but his main one was Albert Gallatin. Dexter served only for a couple of months, until Jefferson could find a replacement for him, which he did in Gallatin.
8. Federalist judge who wanted his commission granted = William Marbury
He was a famous American politician and businessman who sued Jefferson's secretary of state, James Madison, in order to get his appointments honored. However, Marbury lost the case, even though the Supreme Court said he should have won.
9. won the Battle of New Orleans against the British = Andrew Jackson
Andrew Jackson was a skillful soldier (as well as the seventh President of the US) and he is the one responsible for the American victory against the British in the Battle of New Orleans which took place in 1815, which made him a national hero.
10. War Hawks = Calhoun and Clay
A war hawk is a person who wants to start a war instead of avoiding it, as opposed to 'doves,' who want peace. The two of these people were instrumental when it came to America entering a war with Britain in 1812.
11. won the Battle of Lake Erie = Oliver Hazard Perry
Perry was a famous naval commander for the American army. He commanded the US ships against Britain in the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813. There were 9 of the American ships fighting against 6 British, and eventually, they won.
12. bought an empire instead of a city = Monroe and Livingston
This refers to the purchase of Louisiana from France in 1803. As I've already mentioned above, Napoleon decided to sell this territory to America, which they gladly bought for fifty million francs, which was about 15 million dollars at the time.
