The major european powers each had what in china

pan-africanism or pan-africanism is a political, philosophical, cultural and social movement that promotes african twinning, the defense of the rights of african people and the unity of africa under a single sovereign state, for all africans, both africa as of the african diasporas.

an expansion is one of two basic business cycle phases; the other is contraction. the transition from expansion to contraction is a peak, and the changeover from contraction to expansion is a trough.