What was intensified in the mid-nineteenth century by the social tensions stemming from industrialization?
a. gender hierarchies
b. family bonds
c. anti-catholic sentiment
d. alcoholism

It was primarily "Gender hierarchies" that were intensified in the mid-nineteenth century by the social tensions stemming from industrialization, since it was only men who were working in the new factories. 

The three steps before modern english were indo-european, germanic, and old english. as peoples moved around the eurasian continent, their languages changed. throughout the ages, the languages became more specialized. as english has many germanic influences, it is easy to see how this was one of the forebears. also, old english was one of the main ancestors of the modern language, spoken in the 5th through about the 13th centuries.