Who is lin referring to when he says the barbarians?

Lin was referring to the British as barbarians who smuggle opium to the Chinese people.

Explanation:

In his letter "Communication to Queen Victoria", Lin Xexu wrote how among the many 'barbarians' coming along the trade route, some smuggle opium into China. He labels them 'barbarians' for they brought about a bad purpose for his people.

Lin accuses the Britishers of introducing opium to the Chinese people. He calls it 'poison' for his people and wants the direct execution of anyone found guilty selling or smoking it. While the Chinese goods exported to Britain were all good products, why is it that something as bad as opium is brought back in return? He asked if China were to cut trade relations with her, what will happen? This letter is his way of asking the monarch to look into this evil practice and find a solution for it. And he expects a quick reply from the Queen.

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