What issue led directly to the breakdown of national political parties?

The French Revolution led to the breakdown of national political parties.

Explanation:

American bipartisanship was born in the first years of independent life of the American nation under the influence of the events associated with the French Revolution. The international crisis caused by the events in Europe caught the United States between the two main fighting nations: France and Great Britain. The young and still vulnerable American republic was threatened by a conflict that it was not responsible for and could not control.

In this context, the struggle between two political groups led to the development of the first American political parties: the Federalist Party and the Republican Party. The federalists were led by Alexander Hamilton and identified with the interests of the most urban and commercial region of the country, the northeast. These proposed the development of the United States as a manufacturing and commercial country, so they defended the creation of a national bank, the payment of the national debt and the collection of tariffs on imported products. At the international level, the federalists viewed with suspicion the events of the French Revolution and did not hide their sympathies for Britain. The Republicans were led by Thomas Jefferson and represented the interests of the slave and agrarian south. These favored the development of an agricultural economy of smallholders and opposed tariffs and the creation of a national bank because they believed that they would affect the interests of ordinary citizens. Internationally, Jefferson and his followers sympathized with revolutionary France and manifested a clearly anti-British attitude.

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athenian democracy developed around the fifth century bc in the greek city-state (known as a polis) of athens, comprising the city of athens and the surrounding territory of attica, and is often described as the first known democracy in the world. other greek cities set up democracies, most following the athenian model, but none are as well documented as athens'.

it was a political system of direct democracy, in which participating citizens voted directly on legislation and executive bills. participation was not open to all residents: to vote one had to be an adult, male citizen, i.e., not a foreign resident, a submissive or a woman, and the number of these was "probably no more than 30 percent of the total adult population."[1]

the longest-lasting democratic leader was pericles. after his death, athenian democracy was twice briefly interrupted by oligarchic revolutions towards the end of the peloponnesian war. it was modified somewhat after it was restored under eucleides; the most detailed accounts of the system are of this fourth-century modification rather than the periclean system. democracy was suppressed by the macedonians in 322 bc. the athenian institutions were later revived, but how close they were to a real democracy is debatable. solon (594 bc), cleisthenes (508/7 bc), and ephialtes (462 bc) contributed to the development of athenian democracy. cleisthenes broke up the power of the nobility by organizing citizens into ten groups based on where they lived rather than on their wealth.

hope this !