Which of the following events motivated china to launch its self-strengthening movement in the 19th century?
a. its inability to control its population of serfs
b. its economic failures under communism
c. its defeat in wars against europeans
d. its devotion to laissez-faire economics

Write a 5- paragraph that explains the three main causes of the overthrow (mahele, reciprocity treaty and the bayonet constitution). say why each was a factor that led to the eventual overthrow. choose one that you think was the most important and explain why. make sure you have a thesis statement in your introduction, and a strong concluding paragraph.