Leaders in china and japan decided to cut off contact with other countries; they closed their borders and turned inward. explain why they did that and name at least two of the results of their decision.

Leaders in China and Japan decided to cut off contact with other countries because they wanted to preserve their traditions and avoid conflicts. Two results of this decision were that they lacked in modernization and the development of technology. They would not be prepared for war when other developed countries invaded.

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The  pan-african movement  was an "emotional, cultural, psychological and ideological  movement  that began among the  african  dispora in the western hemisphere, for a closer  purpose, so that  african  people could feel secure, attain political, economic as well as psychological power visa vis other races or world regions" .