How did charlemagne's christianity affect the way he expanded and ruled his empire.

Charlemagne was one of the kings who has given more support to Christianity: in 772 the obligation of tithing was established in favor of the Church (the Oriental never had this privilege), in 773, called by the Pope, Charlemagne invaded Italy and was made of the Lombard kingdom, in 774 confirmed the donation of Cucumber, establishing the Papal States, which increased in 781; in 782 he called Alcuino, then in York, and entrusted him with the reform of education (establishing the medieval trivium and quadrivium and founding the University of Tours in 796, chaired by Alcuino); In 800 Charlemagne was crowned, by Leon III, Holy Roman Emperor, endowment accepted by the Eastern Emperor: the Holy Roman Empire is born. After the coronation of Charlemagne, the predominance of Christianity over Western society was, at least in theory, complete.

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the industrial development of cities in the ruhr area in the nineteenth century is described. the research was based on english and german language sources. several factors that shaped growth and paths of the cities were categorized and analyzed. they are locations, resources, traditions, entrepreneurs, and technological developments. locations and resources were the most important among them; other factors may be regarded as consequences from locations and resources. among the cities, bochum, essen, gelsenkirchen, and dortmund had the richest resources and most favorable locations in the transportation network and grew to be the largest cities in the ruhr area near the end of the nineteenth century. riverside location was also a favorable factor for the development, as shown in the development of duisburg on the confluence of rhine and ruhr. resource distribution can explain the rise of textile industry, metallurgical industry, and coal and iron industries, and the northward progression of the mining industry. tradition was an important factor for cities such as krefeld, barmen, elberfeld, solingen, and remscheid, which experienced development based on their traditions through the nineteenth century. various entrepreneurs exerted influences within and beyond the local level over the ruhr area. technological development stimulated the northward progression of the mining industry and the deep connection between the coal and the iron industries.