Explain how the hundred years' war contributed to the end of medieval europe and set the stage for monarchical nation-states.

What rights are guaranteed in the 13th,14th, and 15th amendments. why was it necessary to change the constitution to guarantee these rights?

How did the church gain secular power? a) monks forced massive numbers of people to convert through fear of punishment. b) the church issued interdicts, laws passed by the church regardless of secular law. c) the church's power to deny the sacraments gave the church power over christians. d) canon law established secular courts under the control of the church.

After the defeat to russia, what happened between france and europe?