What new institution in europe replaced the roman system of governance?

Who is the plaintiff in united states vs lopez

In western europe, under the , jews enjoyed some autonomy. then, during the post–french revolution period, was also tolerant toward the jews.

What is one way the spanish war of independence encouraged those in the colonies to seek new political and economic rights? colonies took advantage of spain’s weakened ability to prevent rebellion. the disruptions caused by the war encouraged colonial merchants to seek markets in the pacific. the exposure to french ideas through the war convinced many in spain to provide these liberties to the colonies. the war with france made spain tighten their political and economic hold on the colonies in desperation.