Identify each item as a cause or effect of imperialism in southeast asia

Prior to the expansion of the colonial powers into Southeast Asia, the region was the economic equal of Europe. One of the effects of Imperialism, however, was a new economic dependence on the nations of the West until the mid-1900s. Colonial rule also helped fuel nationalistic movements and struggles for self-determination in the region.

The development of export economies, which survived past the end of Imperialism, was a factor in the area's post-World War II growth. After independence, the ideas and concepts of the nation-state, courts of law and a centralized bureaucracy that were learned from the Imperial powers contributed to the rapid economic development of Southeast Asian nations such as Singapore, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia.

the correct answer is “opportunity cost”. opportunity cost is what a company misses out because it decided in one option over another one. in this case, the company decided to invest in building a factory so it gave up another possible benefit or profit in order to achieve success with the factory.  

trade-off is not the correct answer since it is a situation in which you accept losing something in return for benefits in other areas.

and finally, consequence is a general term used to accept what it comes when you make a decision. it can be a positive or negative consequence depending if the decision you took was the correct one.  

the answer would be:

b. race