Which factor most encouraged the specialization of labor and the creation of guilds in europe in the late middle ages?

Agricultural improvements lowered demand for farm labor

Explanation:

The end of the Middle Ages was marked not only by the bubonic plague, but also by the beginning of modernization. At this time large-scale book production began and this made people more educated. All this instruction has led to improvements in the agricultural sector, creating equipment and techniques that improve rural work and reduce the need for agricultural labor.

Because of this, it was necessary that people began to specialize in something to ensure their livelihood and their family. For this reason, work specializations and guilds emerged in Europe.

The guilds or craft corporations were associations formed by professional and independent artisans, on equal terms. The guilds were meant to protect the interests of their members and to maintain the privileges gained. On the other hand, work specializations aimed to ensure the exclusivity of a service.

i really really really really really really dont know

the answer is mass marketing.