Which of the following events directly caused the outbreak of the civil war?
a. the attack at fort sumter
b. the popularity of uncle tom’s cabin
c. the growth of the antislavery movement
d. the dred scott decision

A. the attack at Fort Sumter.

The battle of Fort Sumter began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired on the Union garrison. These are considered the first shots of the war, and therefore, the event directly led to the outbreak of the Civil War. The other events listed in the options are likely to have contributed to the Civil War. However, they did not directly led to it.

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