How did europeans establish colonies ignoring the claims of ethnic groups? Please Explain

Its a and i dont acually know

Ithink it's d. i was not born in 1800's. sorry if i am wrong but i think it's d

This concept of fate became the new meaning of "ming." so the idea of "tian ming," the mandate of heaven, was first used by the kings of the  zhou dynasty,  who  justified their overthrow of the shang by saying that heaven had punished the shang for immorality and transferred its favor to the  zhou.