What were the crusades? What were the lasting effects of them on Europe? (2-3 sentences)

The Crusades were a series of wars between Christians and Muslims during the Middle Ages. In 1095 A.D., Pope Urban II, the head of the Roman Catholic Church, called on all Christians in Europe to unite and fight a holy Crusade or war against the Muslim rulers of Palestine. The Pope wanted to free Palestine from Muslim control. Western European Christians sought to gain control of Palestine, the land where Jesus lived, died, and according to Christians, was resurrected, from the Muslims. While Christian Crusaders never achieved more than temporary control of Jerusalem, the Crusades had many lasting effects on Western European societies. These effects profoundly changed the lives of Western Europeans.

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he is known for discovering   the fossil of a female hominin australopithecine   known as "lucy" in the afar triangle region of hadar, ethiopia.

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