•What are some of the criticisms that have been brought against Freud and psychoanalysis?​

Freud’s view of the human psyche has never been at a loss for critics. Most intelligent people who have studied Freud’s writings and dismiss his views fall into three camps. First Camp: they reject his views as being determined by his particular society and his own obsessions; Freud treated middle-class Jewish women and men in Fin-de-Siècle Vienna. Thus, Freud derived his claims about the psychological constitution of the entire human race from observations of a very, very small sample. Second Camp: Freud’s claims about the psyche aren’t scientific because they are not falsifiable. Freud is using a model of psychological faculties (as Kant did) but these faculties aren’t the kind of thing you can see on a CAT scan. Any serious scientific theory needs evidence that is testable and psychoanalysis just doesn’t meet this requirement. Third Camp: Freud was a charlatan or delusional. He made up his theories based on next to nothing; his famous case studies are for the most part fictional. He was more of a con man than a therapist.

Explanation:

b.

jim crow laws were enacted in northern states.

d is the right answer