. With the advent of technology, do you think that the postal system is being taken over by the internet? Write about its
relevance in UAE/INDIA.

it foreshadows the theme of the paragraph and hints the topic that will be discussed in the paragraph!

independent innovation during the abbasid caliphate

the correct answer is: (1) affected by gerrymandering; (2) not affected by gerrymandering.

gerrymandering is known as a practice that intends to establish a some kind of political advantage for a particular party or group. to do this district boundaries are manipulated. the new resulting district is named a gerrymandering.

in other words, what gerrymandering does is to draw the boundaries of electoral districts trying to benefit the party who is doing it. sometimes, the party controlling the legislature will redraw it so they can maximize the number of districts they are likely to control.