1. River-valley civilizations developed in Sumer, Egypt, China, and the Indus River Valley. After following the procedures in the Planning a Compare and Contrast Essay worksheet, write an essay comparing and contrasting these civilizations.
Did you know that the Indus valley invented indoor plumbing? Indus valley was actually the third civilization that started, at least in this group of four. The first civilization was Sumer, in around 4000 B. C, followed by Egypt in 3100 B. C. The final civilization (in this group of four) was China, which was started from as early as 1250 B. C.
There are many similarities and differences between these four civilizations. Some of the similarities are annual flooding that left fertile soil, which was great for farming. They all had a surplus amount of food, which allowed specialized jobs. They all used the river near them to trade, and all of them worshipped many gods, for which they built large temples.
In China, the people gained their power under Heaven’s mandate by creating very long dynasties until the Chinese people decided that the dynasty had lost favor with the gods. But, in the Indus Valley, priests were seen as high officials with various powers. In egypt, the pharaoh was considered a god to the people and was then granted supreme rule in the eyes of the people. In contrast, the kingdoms in Sumer were organized into cities and different kings ruled each city. Kings were helped by priests, nobles, and letter writers, but before the arrival of the kings, it was the priests who would rule over all of Sumer.

Sea exploration became important during the late middle ages because europeans most likely wanted to

Background information: this is an article by will irvin, a correspondent for the new york tribune. irvin wrote this piece in april 1915, while reporting from the western front. at the time that irvin wrote this piece, the united states had declared neutrality in the war. boulogne, april 25. – the gaseous vapor which the germans used against the french divisions near ypres last thursday, contrary to the rules of the hague convention, introduces a new element into warfare. the attack of last thursday evening was preceded by the rising of a cloud of vapor, greenish gray and iridescent. that vapor settled to the ground like a swamp mist and drifted toward the french trenches on a brisk wind. its effect on the french was a violent nausea and faintness, followed by an utter collapse. it is believed that the germans, who charged in behind the vapor, met no resistance at all, the french at their front being virtually paralyzed. the effect of the noxious trench gas seems to be slow in wearing away. the men come out of their nausea in a state of utter collapse. some of the rescued have already died from the after effects. how many of the men left unconscious in the trenches when the french broke died from the fumes it is impossible to say, since those trenches were at once occupied by the germans. –will irvin, 1915 what were the effects of the poison gas, according to the reporter? a.) the french were victorious over the germans. b.) soldiers suffered from nausea and began to pass out, while some even died. c.) there were few effects, and the battle continued. d.) the gas was yellow and caused the men’s skin to blister.

The dravidians descended from people who lived in