Under the leadership of Samuel Gompers of the American federation of labor, membership in the union

Leader Samuel Gompers, admitted only skilled laborers, each field with their own union, focused on bread and butter issues like higher wages, shorter hours, and improved working conditions, and favored collective bargaining.

Explanation:

offline recommendation systems option b

because recommendation systems produce a list of two ways

1. through collaborative filtering

or

2. through content-based filtering

after defeating german forces in north africa allied leaders turned their attention to "italy," since this was the location that made the most geographic sense before invading northern europe via france.