"It came to American politics as a reform of the boss-dominated convention system. It was intended to take the nominating function away from the party organization and put it in the hands of the party's rank-and-file
membership."
To what process of filling public offices does this excerpt refer?
A. The national convention
B. The caucus
C. The self-announcement
D. The direct primary

explanation:

i think it is in quadrant 4.

the five year plans were part of a command economy. there was little choice in what would be emphasized for the current 5 year period.

the answer to democracy or totalitarianism is a bit harder. in stalin's time, russia was totalitarian. now that's not entirely true. putin has moved towards at least the boundary.

we can argue that appeasement caused world war ii because it allowed hitler and the nazis to build germany’s military power until it was strong enough to fight a major war. additionally, appeasement emboldened germany, making it think the allies would never have the will to fight. this made germany much more aggressive and encouraged it to take the steps that eventually led to war.