How did land-based empires generate revenue to expand and maintain power?

They used tribute collection and new tax collection systems.

d. migration of french settlers into english colonies

the right answer is the third one: turnpikes went short distances to connect markets. turnpikes, also known as toll roads, were very important for trade and transportation (of people, goods and products) in the 19th century, coinciding with the expansion towards the west. they contributed significantly to the economic development of the united states.